Essential Fruit Tree Pruning Tips

, written by Barbara Pleasant us flag

Healed branch collar two years after pruning

What’s your biggest fruit tree pruning challenge this spring? Did a storm splinter an apple tree, or a pear lose its crown to accumulated ice? I have seen both things happen, but this year’s worst damage was caused by a hungry young black bear. The high apple branch where she climbed to feed last summer cracked under her weight, so what was a nicely pruned tree is now a mess.

It’s time to put things to rights. The ideal time to prune fruit trees like apples and pears is just before they emerge from winter dormancy, so pruning is a top gardening task for early spring. Pruning fruit trees is slow, thoughtful work, best undertaken with a helper when a ladder is needed. In addition to a few basic pruning tools, you will need a fundamental understanding of how trees heal before you start cutting.

“Apple
Our apple trees were beautifully pruned last spring, only to be mangled by a bear a few months later

The Scientifically Proven Way to Make a Pruning Cut

Until about 50 years ago, it was standard practice to make tree pruning cuts flush with the branch, and then to seal the cuts with various paints and tars. Then the hand-held chain saw was invented, and a curious American plant pathologist named Dr. Alex Shigo began performing the first ever tree autopsies. What he learned (and shared in over 270 publications) revolutionized how we prune trees.

Trees cannot run from danger yet live for centuries, so they have developed elaborate self-defense systems to limit the spread of infection. When a branch is damaged or broken, chemicals in the tree mobilize to wall off the injury with a barrier of decay. Thanks to Shigo’s research, we know these chemicals are concentrated in the wrinkled collar of bark where small branches join larger ones, like a built-in bandage. Old-style flush cuts removed the protective collar, which required the tree to wall off the injury inside the preserved branch. Stub or “collar” cuts result in much less interior decay, while leaving sufficient soon-to-be-dead tissue to form a barrier to fungi or other pathogens.

“Pear
The wrinkled collar at the base of the branch contains chemicals that wall off the injury from the rest of the tree. Short stubs serve as a barrier to infection

The Three D’s: Damaged, Diseased, and Dead Branches

It is best to begin any tree pruning project by removing limbs that are broken or cracked, which often changes the shape of the canopy enough to affect light penetration to lower branches, and increasing light exposure is a goal when pruning fruit trees. Then look around for signs of diseases or pests as you lop out slender green water sprouts, and branch tips that appear dead. I like to do this clean-up work before deciding on bigger cuts or calling our nimble tree guy if high work needs to be done.

This is where the fun starts with espaliered apples and pears, which need to be readied for this year’s training. With larger trees, I have learned to treat each one as an individual. I like to work one tree at a time, never in a hurry. Two of our apples need only light annual pruning to keep their canopies balanced and open, while the dwarf Asian pear needs more discipline, year after year.

“Brushwood
My brush pile provides shelter for many birds and a woodland box turtle, which sometimes live for 100 years

Make a Brush Pile for Wildlife

At our house, the pruning assistant helps steady the ladder and drags away pruned branches to clear the yard. For a long time we burned the pruned branches when the weather was right, but five years ago we changed our ways and started piling them into a brush pile for wildlife instead. What a great decision! The pile now stretches 20 feet (6m) back into the woods, and on any given day in winter it hosts wrens, doves, sparrows and a year-round resident box turtle. Indeed, the wild things like the brush pile so much that it somewhat redeems the work of cutting, hauling and piling pruned branches. Because it’s so full of life, the brush pile has become one of my favorite landscape features.

[Note: If you live in a fire-prone area, please use caution if thinking about creating a brush pile.]

< All Guides

Garden Planning Apps

If you need help designing your vegetable garden, try our Vegetable Garden Planner.
Garden Planning Apps and Software

Vegetable Garden Pest Warnings

Want to Receive Alerts When Pests are Heading Your Way?

If you've seen any pests or beneficial insects in your garden in the past few days please report them to The Big Bug Hunt and help create a warning system to alert you when bugs are heading your way.

Show Comments



Comments

 
"Great tips! Thanks! However, I need more advice and tips so I will contact my tree service guys to ask them out."
Oliver on Wednesday 29 March 2023

Add a Comment

Add your own thoughts on the subject of this article:
(If you have difficulty using this form, please use our Contact Form to send us your comment, along with the title of this article.)



(We won't display this on the website or use it for marketing)



Captcha


(Please enter the code above to help prevent spam on this article)



By clicking 'Add Comment' you agree to our Terms and Conditions