While natural pest control measures should always be your first port of call, organic pesticides can be used as a last resort. But pesticides are potent, so it’s important to choose the right active ingredient for the pest in question, and take steps to avoid unwanted casualties among beneficial insects.
It is not a complicated process, because there are only a few choices among organic pesticides with clear records of success: Spinosad, pyrethrin, and neem. I am also adding homemade hot pepper sprays to the list, though these and other aroma-based sprays are best used preventatively, as deterrents, and have limited value for insect emergencies.
![“Mexican]()
Spinosad controls most leaf-eating garden pests found in the garden, including Mexican bean beetle adults and larvae
What is Spinosad?
Made from a soil-dwelling bacterium, spinosad has largely displaced its close cousin, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), because spinosad controls a longer list of leaf-eating pests. While Bt is great for cabbage worms, tomato hornworms, and other caterpillars, spinosad controls these pests plus most leaf-eating beetles, including flea beetles, Colorado potato beetles, and Mexican bean beetles.
Spinosad has a negligible effect on honeybees and other pollinators, because it is most potent when eaten by the target pest, and bees don’t eat leaves. Ingestion of spinosad by leaf-eating pests causes paralysis and death. Spinosad is sold as Entrust, Tracer, or Monterey Garden Insect Spray.
Spinosad is the only organic pesticide I keep on hand, and I use it exclusively to keep cabbageworms and armyworms from taking over my fall broccoli, cabbage, and kale. Spraying every 10 days keeps these veggies free of these persistent pests. After spraying, I cover the plants with row cover or tulle (wedding net) for a couple of days to exclude yellow jacket wasps, the only beneficials likely to visit the plants.
![“Eggplants]()
Use tulle to exclude bees and other beneficials from plants treated with pyrethrins and other organic pesticides
Potent Pyrethrins
Organic pyrethrin products are made from the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, commonly known as Dalmatian daisy. While pyrethrins are considered non-toxic to mammals, they cause immediate convulsions among insects upon contact. Most insects quickly die after being sprayed with pyrethrins, so it’s important to avoid unwanted casualties among beneficials by covering treated plants with row cover or tulle for a day after pyrethrins are used. Sunlight neutralizes pyrethrins within a few hours. Pyrethrin is sold as Bonide Pyrethrin Garden Insect Spray, Safer Tomato and Vegetable Insect Killer, and Japanese Beetle Killer, among other products.
Certified organic growers in the US are allowed to use pyrethrins only as a last resort, and the same standard should apply in the garden. Pyrethrins are simply too potent for everyday use in a garden that includes vegetables and flowers. That said, because of pyrethrin’s ability to knock down pests quickly, it can be useful for treating colonies of hugely invasive insects such as spotted lanternfly or brown marmorated stink bug larvae, or for Japanese beetles that cannot be reached for gathering by hand.
![“Roses”]()
When used on roses, neem oil provides protection from black spot and aphids
Best Uses for Neem
Neem and neem oil products are made from the seeds of the neem tree (Azadirachta indica), native to Southeast Asia. Neem includes a buffet of chemicals that impact insects, including the most common active ingredient, azadirachtin. Products available to gardeners are mostly neem oils made from whole neem seeds, and include Neem Max and Safer Neem Oil. Neem oil also suppresses several common leafspot diseases when used preventatively, so neem oil products are often called combination garden sprays.
Neem oil impacts insects by reducing feeding, egg laying, and interfering with the maturation process, and it is most effective against little soft-bodied insects including aphids, spider mites and whiteflies. When used to manage outbreaks of larger insects such as cucumber beetles or squash bugs, adults often escape unscathed, though immature individuals may be seriously set back.
Hot pepper sprays also can deter feeding by spider mites, aphids, and pesky animals, but have limited impact on larger garden insects. The same tiny insects are impacted by neem, so sprays that contain both capsaicin and neem can be extremely useful against aphids, whiteflies and spider mites in a greenhouse, where natural predators are in short supply.
![“Writing]()
When used carefully, organic insecticides do not threaten writing spiders and other important natural predators
I am amused and confused by products that claim to be “pesticide free” yet are designed to kill insects using essential oils or chemical salts. Research on the effectiveness of various essential oil pesticides is spotty, but the future looks promising. Recently, researchers found that lavender, jasmine and mustard essential oils may help control spider mites in eggplant, and that a similar mixture restores susceptibility of bed bugs to traditional pesticides. We still have much still to learn about interactions between pest insects, beneficial insects and essential oils. Stay tuned.
